Hypertension is becoming one of India’s most significant non-communicable diseases, with lifestyle choices, early detection, and public education essential in managing its growing prevalence. Dr. Vinay Kumar Bahl, Director at Ramaiah Institute of Cardiac Sciences, highlighted key modifiable risk factors, prevention strategies, and treatments.

Diet, exercise, stress management, and avoiding tobacco and alcohol play a major role in controlling blood pressure. High salt consumption—especially from pickles and processed foods—is a leading contributor. The DASH diet, maintaining a healthy weight (waist <32 inches for women, <38 inches for men), and regular physical activity all lower hypertension risk.

Pregnancy-related hypertension is diagnosed with repeated high BP readings. Drugs like labetalol, methyldopa, and nifedipine are used safely during pregnancy. Regular monitoring of both mother and fetus is crucial to prevent complications like preeclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction.

Poor sleep, chronic stress, and reliance on processed foods also raise hypertension risk. Deep breathing, yoga, and sleep hygiene help mitigate these effects. Smoking damages arteries, raises BP, and significantly increases heart attack and stroke risk. Quitting leads to marked improvement.

Pre-hypertension in youth—linked to obesity, junk food, and sedentary habits—requires early intervention. Uncontrolled BP can lead to serious heart damage, including arrhythmias, heart failure, and clot formation. Hypertension is also a leading cause of kidney failure, which can further worsen BP control.

Treatment involves medications like diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and calcium channel blockers, chosen based on patient history. In resistant hypertension, advanced procedures like renal denervation or baroreceptor therapy are emerging options. Regular screening and tailored management can significantly reduce complications.